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They are not intended to make one finished and coherent drawing. Rather, they are studies that share a single piece of paper. Albrecht Durer, Study Sheet with self-portrait, hand, and cushions , , pen and ink on paper. Albrecht Durer is well known for his drawings, etchings and watercolor paintings from the late 15 th century. Here are two of his self-portraits: one at age 13, the next at age In the Renaissance ca. Before students could learn to paint, sculpt, or build, they first had to learn to draw accurately.
During this time period, artists began to draw from the live nude figure for the first time and because of this, figures in drawings and paintings developed greater realism.
Some artists would draw out their composition on a large piece of sturdy paper like lightweight cardboard and poke small holes along all their lines. Then they would hold it up to the wall and strike it with a bag full of charcoal, so when the paper was removed, they would have a perfect outline of their drawing on the wall. This is called a cartoon. Fifteenth-century Flemish artists preferred the precision of metalpoint on white paper.
This technique is done by preparing a sheet of paper with a primer or gesso then drawing with a piece of metal usually silver, though copper and gold are also used instead of graphite. Jan van Eyck, Portrait of an Unknown Man , c.
Rogier van der Weyden, Portrait of a Woman , silverpoint on paper with cream colored ground. Chalk was seldom used by Flemish artists, but Hendrick Goltzius was adept at using various drawing mediums to suit his vision. Hendrick Goltzius, Portrait of Giovanni Bologna , , red and black chalk on paper. These drawings were preparatory sketches for later paintings. It was around this time that the first blueprints for the pencils that we know and love today were invented.
An Italian couple, Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti, hollowed out sticks of juniper wood and inserted a stick of graphite in the center. In fact, modern pencil leads are a mixture of graphite powder and clay that are then fired in a kiln. By varying the ratio of clay to graphite, the hardness of the pencil changes. In the 17 th and 18 th centuries, the importance of absolute precision and accuracy in drawing gave way to a freer handling that reflected the interests of the Baroque style in art.
The art of the Baroque was exaggerated to produce drama and grandeur and was intended to impress viewers. Peter Paul Rubens and Rembrandt van Rijn are perfect examples of this newer, more dynamic style. Peter Paul Rubens, St. George Slaying the Dragon , pen and ink on paper. The Rococo period was dominated by French taste and culture.
Artworks from this time period are characterized by cheerful, often frivolous subjects and activities, with an emphasis on decoration and luxury. Whereas the Baroque period favored bold lines and dramatic scenes, artworks from the Rococo period are often very soft and gentle in their nature.
Line work is less harsh and pastels were used frequently to further enhance this new aesthetic. Francois Boucher, Young Woman Sleeping, c. In the 19 th and 20 th centuries, manufactured pencils were widely available and became the preferred medium for most draftsmen. Artists like Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres refined pencil drawing techniques. Ingres paid close attention to line and contour, leaving some areas of the drawing suggested rather than fully rendered.
Francisco Goya is another excellent example of this time period. Quite possibly as far away from Ingres on the spectrum as you can get, Goya made gestural, cartoon-like drawings satirizing and critiquing scenes from everyday life. For centuries, realistic, lifelike, academic drawing dominated Western art.
This is when we see the rise of the Impressionist movement with more experimentation in art, and artists asking the question, what makes art Art. With the widespread availability of new media and a new interest in breaking away from the rigid expectations of traditional rendering, artists began combining media and discovering new methods of depiction that focused on feeling rather than perfection.
Edgar Degas, The Singer in Green , c. Salvador Dali, Portrait of Maria Carbona , , graphite on paper. Jackson Pollock, Untitled , c. As the 20 th century progressed, you can see more and more individualism in each of the drawings as artists expressed themselves in a variety of ways. This is a great article. I was wondering about the specifics of where drawing came from. Thank you. Your email address will not be published.
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The wonderful clarity of this work has been achieved by drawing the panoramic composition in pencil and then overlaying it with brown ink and grey wash. Rembrandt, Saskia at her Toilet, c.
This drawing reflects the precision of his observant eye as he worked adeptly with first pen and ink , and then a loaded brush. The result is a drawing that is both lucid and evocative in its depiction of a domestic scene. Curiously, some of the greatest figures of the seventeenth century such as Vermeer , Caravaggio , and Velazquez , left little or no drawings. Although it is improbable that these artists never drew at all, it is more likely that they preferred to solve their problems directly on the canvas in a painterly fashion.
Whilst not producing the giants of the previous century, the eighteenth century kept alive the commissioned portrait. In France, Watteau produced fine studies of figures, heads, and drapery in his preferred medium of red, black, and white chalks, while in Italy Giambattista Tiepolo , arguably the greatest artist of his time, used pen and wash for his drawings that remain unrivalled to this day.
Pencil drawings. The nineteenth century saw a great surge in artistic development, which in England began with Turner and Constable and in France with Delacroix and Ingres Lead pencil was in use by this time and Constable used the medium to draw many small images of rural Suffolk in his sketchbooks with great subtlety and expression. Turner began to develop almost unbelievable powers of observation and skill in his youth as he drew cathedrals and buildings with a lead pencil.
Portrait drawings were still fashionable and studies drawn by the French Neo-Classicist Ingres were so real and lifelike that there was never any doubt as to their likeness to the sitter. Ingres' contemporary and great rival was Delacroix, who by contrast was a Romantic free spirit. He not only made studies in the traditional manner for grand historical pictures but also drew everything that caught his eye. In an age that preceded the advent of photography, drawing was the only way that Delacroix could record the trip he made to Morocco in Contemporary reports stated that he drew night and day, desperate not to forget the rich aspects of Arabian life.
Of the great draughtsmen of the nineteenth century, one innovative artist assimilated everything that went before him. This was Edgar Degas , whose life's work was based on drawing. Even as a middle-aged and well-established artist he copied works by other artists to stretch his understanding of art and practise his techniques.
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